For the purpose of this debate, the civil service can approach institutional culture in two ways: the 'mobility approach' encourages civil servants to frequently move between different roles and departments; the 'tenure approach' encourages civil servants to remain in one role and specialise on that subject matter.

There are two main types of social housing policies:

• The Public Housing Policy approach involves the government directly owning and managing affordable housing.
• The Community Housing Policy approach involves the government subsidising the provision of housing via non-government organisations, such as companies and community groups.
  

An adversarial system of justice is one in which the court acts as a neutral referee between the defence and the prosecution in criminal trials, or the plaintiff and the defendant in civil trials. In inquisitorial systems, the court is an active participant in proving the facts of the case and will often take part in the investigation of the facts. Under both systems, rights of appeal to superior courts are available.

Foreign tie ups in university education look like allowing dual certificate programmes (e.g. Indian Institute of Hotel Management allows a degree from the London culinary school in addition to its own), foreign exchange programmes with universities etc. Foreign branches of universities involve established universities opening up new branches in other countries (e.g. Georgetown opening up a branch in Qatar, Monash opening up a branch in Malaysia).

Foreign tie ups in university education look like allowing dual certificate programmes (e.g. Indian Institute of Hotel Management allows a degree from the London culinary school in addition to its own), foreign exchange programmes with universities etc. Foreign branches of universities involve established universities opening up new branches in other countries (e.g. Georgetown opening up a branch in Qatar, Monash opening up a branch in Malaysia).

There are two types of social structures that can be developed within organisations.

1) A collaborative group structure emerges where any achievement by one group member contributes to the reward of the other members and benefits are shared equally (e.g. a team can access rewards only if they all reach a KPI). 

2)A competitive group structure emerges where the achievement of one member reduces the rewards that the other group members can obtain, and benefits are shared unequally (e.g. having leaderboards for sales).

Cognify is a prison model where offenders are sent into Matrix-style pods in a high-tech facility. There, they are fitted with headsets that implant artificial memories from the victim's perspective (while the crime took place, its aftermath  etc.) directly into their brains. This process, intended to last only a few minutes, exists to impose physical and psychological suffering on individuals. However, it does not impose direct physical harm.